Tag: security

Apache goodies for WordPress security

The list of things to do to harden a WordPress site with Apache is long, but some things that could be done include:

FileETag None                                                                                                                       
                                                                                                                                    
<Files wp-config.php>                                                                                                               
    Require all denied                                                                                                              
</Files>                                                                                                                            
                                                                                                                                    
<Files xmlrpc.php>                                                                                                                  
    Require all denied                                                                                                              
</Files>                                                                                                                            
                                                                                                                                    
<LocationMatch "/wp-content/uploads/.*(?i)\.php$">                                                                                  
    Require all denied                                                                                                              
</LocationMatch>

SSH tunnel to use other mailserver than localhost

Because I have a lot of virtual machines, laptops, work environments, and so on, I never seem to find the time to setup SMTP authentication everywhere. I typically use Linux for everything except hardcore gaming, so it’s only natural that I have some sort of mail server installed like Postfix. The problem in using that mail server to send e-mail is that I also quite often have dynamic IP addresses on these machines, which doesn’t work well with “e-mail protection” (well..) like SPF.

So instead of making my life very complicated, I have a trusted server on the Internet through which I send e-mail.

If you were looking for something fancy in this article, you can move along now, there’s nothing to see 🙂

To make all my Linux work instances believe they’re talking to an SMTP server locally, I simply setup a tunnel from the given Linux instance to this trusted server on the Internet using the ever so versatile OpenSSH / SSH. I know there are a lot of ways to do this, but this is what works for me:

Local machine or “where I work”

I have a private/public key keypair on all of these machines. The public key is placed in the /root/.ssh/authorized_keys file on the trusted server that is running the mail server.

On this machine, as root, I setup a tunnel that looks like this:

ssh -N -L 25:localhost:25 root@mail.example.org -p 2222

This will create a tunnel from “localhost” port 25 (where I work) to “localhost” port 25 on mail.example.org. It will connect the end point of the tunnel to mail.example.org on port 2222. If the mail.example.org server is running an SSH server on its standard port (22), you can remove the “-p 2222” part.

Mail server

On this server, I only need to put the public key from the local machine “where I work” into /root/.ssh/authorized_keys to allow the tunnel to come up.

When I access port 25 on my local machine “where I work”, it will be sent through the tunnel and then attempt to access “localhost” port 25 on the mail server. The mail server software, Postfix in my case, will never know this connection did not actually originate from “inside” the machine, but rather through the tunnel.

Closing thoughts

You can (obviously) make this somewhat more automated with tools like AutoSSH, init scripts, and what not. The above only intends to show how uncomplicated it is to create useful SSH/SMTP tunnels 🙂

 

Securely overwrite unused space on Windows 7, 8, and 10

Overwriting “unused space” on Windows 7, Windows 8, and Windows 10 is quite simple. Open a “Command Prompt” window, and type:

cipher /w:DD

Where “DD” is your drive without a suffix, e.g.

cipher /w:C

to wipe unused space on drive C.

Why is this useful? Well, when you delete files from most modern operating systems, they aren’t really erased, even after you “Empty the trash”. The file system on your drive is simply updated to indicate that the space previously occupied by the file is now available. But the file data is still there. Overwriting such “unused space” with nonsense/garbage data will make it harder to recover the file data.

SSH keys are no longer working after upgrading to Ubuntu 16.04.LTS – Help!

I recently upgraded one of my laptops to Ubuntu 16.04.LTS (going from 14.04.LTS). The upgrade went very smooth and I have no issues with the resulting operating environment 🙂 Having said that, I quickly discovered a quite serious issue for me when I attempted connecting to one of many servers I need to get into. All of a sudden, my SSH key was no longer accepted by the server, and I was prompted for a password! WTF!?

I immediately feared the worst and started looking at the server(s), tailing log files, enabling debugging, etc. No trace was to be found other than that no key was presented by the client. The servers were intact, the authorized_keys had not been compromised, and vanilla ice cream was still the number one flavor. The problem is not with Ubuntu 16.04.LTS. The problem is with my SSH key, as well as a recent change in “acceptable keys” by OpenSSH, version 7.

Doing “ssh -vvv user@server.com” told me that the SSH client couldn’t find an acceptable key to present to the server. After having figured that out, and facepalming for a few seconds, I added this to my /etc/ssh/ssh_config file:

PubkeyAcceptedKeyTypes=+ssh-dss

Saved the file and tried again. Voila! One could say many things about using this type of SSH key, but rest assured I will change mine. You should too if you run into this problem. This is a workaround, not a fix or a solution. So sit down with some vanilla ice cream (with actual vanilla) and something nice to drink and go through the process of replacing your public SSH keys everywhere.